About two thousand years ago, the land named Gandhara on the west banks of the Indus fell successively under the domination of the Greeks, the Sakas and the Parthians. This book gives an account of the school of art which formed itself under these widely divergent cultures. The early Gandhara school is chiefly notable in providing the earliest works of art in which the Buddha was represented in bodily form. Before this, he had always been shown symbolically; the characteristic and now familiar Buddha image was developed from the work of the early Gandhara sculptors.

Sir John Marshall begins by analyzing the formative influences of Gandhara art, its relationship to the early school of Central India and Hindustan, and the extent of its debt to the Greeks. He then traces the history of its development, in a remarkable and carefully chosen series of illustrations. The text is in the form of a commentary on these illustrations; the reader can thus share the author's extensive knowledge of the Gandhara school while observing for himself its growth and decline.

Since it deals with the birth of their religious art as it exists today, this book must be of interest to a great many people in Buddhist countries. It will also be of value to oriental historians and those concerned with Eastern art in general.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PREFACE

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE EARLY INDIAN SCHOOL OF ART

3. THE BEGINNINGS OF GANDHARA ART: THE SAKA PERIOD

4. THE RENAISSANCE OF HELLENISTIC ART UNDER THE PARTHIANS AND ITS EFFECT ON GANDHARA ART

5. CHILDHOOD OF GANDHARA ART

6. ADOLESCENCE

7. ADOLESCENCE (Continued)

8. PERIOD OF MATURITY

9. EARLY MATURITY PERIOD

10. LATER MATURITY PERIOD: RELIEFS

11. LATER MATURITY PERIOD: IMAGES AND DECORATIVE CARVINGS

12. CONCLUSION

INDEX