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Contents:
Course in Buddhist Reasoning and Debate
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Preface
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xiii
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Technical Notes
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xxiii
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Preliminaries for Buddhist Reasoning and Debate
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1. Introduction
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3
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2. The Human Situation
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13
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3. Reasoning within the Buddhist Context
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19
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PART ONE: BASIC THEORY AND PROCEDURE IN BUDDHIST DEBATE
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4. The Comparison of Phenomena
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39
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Three Possibilities
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44
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Three Possibilities including Something That Is Neither
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45
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Three Possibilities without Anything That Is Neither
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48
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Four Possibilities
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50
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Four Possibilities including Something That Is Neither
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51
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Four Possibilities without Anything That Is Neither
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53
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Mutually Exclusive
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56
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Mutually Inclusive
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60
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5 Two Kinds of Statements
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71
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Statements of Qualities
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72
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Statements of Pervasion
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83
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What Statements of Pervasion Imply
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87
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Statements of Pervasion Imply Other Statements of Pervasion
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87
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Statements of Pervasion Imply Statements of Qualities
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90
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Statements of Pervasion That Include a Negative
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90
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6. The Buddhist Syllogism
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99
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The Argument Form
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100
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The Elements of a Syllogism
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101
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Correct Signs
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104
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The Property of the Subject
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105
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Forward Pervasion
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108
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Counterpervasion
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113
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Components of a Syllogism
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115
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The Epistemological Requirements
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116
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Unpacking the Buddhist Enthymeme
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117
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7. The Only Two Valid Syllogism Forms
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125
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8. Three Types of Correct Signs
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131
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Correct Effect Signs
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133
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Correct Nature Signs
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133
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Correct Signs of Nonobservation
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134
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9. Basic Buddhist Ontology 1: The Selfless, Existents, Types of Existents, and Non-existents
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137
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Types of Existents, and Non-existents
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141
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The Selfless
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141
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The Definition of the Selfless
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142
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The Divisions of the Selfless
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144
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Existents
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144
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The Definition of an Existent
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144
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The Phenomena Mutually Inclusive with Existents
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144
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Seven Divisions of Existents
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148
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Non-existents
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167
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A Proposed Definition of the Non-existent
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167
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Examples of Non-existents
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168
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Examples of the Selfless
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169
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10. Basic Buddhist Ontology 2: The Division of Functuioning Things into Three
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171
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Functioning Things
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173
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Matter
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175
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External Matter
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175
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Visible forms
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175
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Sounds
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177
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Odors
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180
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Tastes
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181
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Tangible Objects
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181
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Internal Matter
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186
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Consciousness
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189
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Mental Consciousness
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191
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Sense Consciousness
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193
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Nonassociated Compositional Factors
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195
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Nonassociated Compositional Factors That Are Persons
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195
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Common Beings
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198
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Superiors
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199
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Nonassociated Compositional Factors That Are Not Persons
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200
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11. The Paradigms for Proving a Comparison of Phenomena
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205
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Proving Three Possibilities
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206
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Three Possibilities including Neither
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206
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Three Possibilities without Neither
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207
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Proving Four Possibilities
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207
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Four Possibilities including Neither
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208
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Four Possibilities without Neither
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208
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Proving Mutual Exclusion
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209
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Proving Mutual Inclusion
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210
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11. Consciousnesses in relation to What They Perceive
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215
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Thought Consciousness and Direct Perceivers
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216
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Thought Consciousness
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217
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Direct Perceivers
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221
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Drawing the Distinction between Thought Consciousness and Direct Perceivers
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223
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Thoughts, Direct Perceivers, and Their Appearing Objects
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228
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A Range of Consciousnesses in relation to What They Perceive
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229
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1. A Wrong Consciousness
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231
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2. An Uncertain Consciousness Leaning toward Believing Something That Is Not Factual
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231
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3. An Equivocating Uncertain Consciousness Wavering between Believing Something That Is Not Factual and Beleiving Something that Is Factual
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234
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4. An Uncertain Consciousness Leaning toward Believing Something That Is Factual
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234
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5. A Correctly Assuming Consciousness
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235
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6. An Inferential Cognizer/Inferential Cognition
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237
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7. A Direct Pereiver/Direct Perception
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239
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Believing in Something That Is Real
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241
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Believing in Something That Is Not Real
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242
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13. Valid Cognition
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247
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14. The Three Spheres of Agent, Action, and Object
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251
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PART TWO: INTERACTIVE DEBATE
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15. Choosing Your Debarte Partner
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261
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Card Carriers and Truth Seekers
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262
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Statements of Belief and Rational Discourse
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265
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A Commitment to Finding the Truth
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266
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Choosing Your Debate Partner for This Course
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267
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16. Challengers and Defenders
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269
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Challengers and Defenders in the Traditional Tibetan Setting
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269
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Challengers and Defenders in our Course and Beyond
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277
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17. The Clap!
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283
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Auspicious Beginning
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283
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Questioning
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285
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Simultaneous Clap and Stomp
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285
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Drawing Back from the Clap
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286
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Finished!
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287
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18. Manjushri: The Special Deity of Debate
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289
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The Mantra of Manjushri
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292
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19. The Three Purposes of Debate
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297
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20. Definitions, Divisions, and Illustrations
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303
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Definitions
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303
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Divisions
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311
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Illustrations
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312
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21. One and Different
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319
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One-with-x and Different-from-x as Predicates
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321
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One-with-x and Different-from-x as Subjects
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325
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22. Consequences
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331
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23. Procedures in Debate
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345
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The Defender's Answers
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347
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To a Two-Part Consequence with a Subject and a Point of Clarification
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347
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To a Three-Part Consequence Complete with a Reason
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349
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The Order of the Answers
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359
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Learning to Spell Out Your Answers
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361
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One Special Answer
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364
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More Than Just These Answers
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365
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The Challenger Responds to the Defender
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366
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After the Defender Says, "Why?"
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367
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After the Defender Says, "The Reason Is Not Established."
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368
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After the Defender Says, "There Is No Pervasion."
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371
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After the Defender Says, "The Pervasion is Opposite."
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372
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After the Defender Says, "I Accept It."
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373
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The Opening Volleys
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374
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Reviweing the Defender's Answers
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378
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24. Strategies in Debate
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383
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When a Person Seems to Be Speaking of Two Phenomena as if They Were Three Possibilities
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387
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As if 3P, and You Agree
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387
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As if 3P, but They Are Actually 4P
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388
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As if 3P, but They are Actually MX
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390
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As if 3P, but They Are Actually MI
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391
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When a Person Seems to Be Speaking of Two Phenomena as if They Were Four Possibilities
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393
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As if 4P, and You Think That Is Right
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393
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As if 4P, but They Are Actually 3P
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394
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As if 4P, but They are Actually MX
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395
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As if 4P, but They Are Actually MI
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397
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When a Person Seems to Be Speaking of Two Phenomena as if They Were Mutually Exclusive
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398
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As if MX, and You Think That Is Right
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398
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As if MX, but You Understand Them to Be 3P
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399
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As if MX, but You Understand Them to Be 4P
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400
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As if MX, but They Are Actually MI
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401
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When a Person Seems to Be Speaking of Two Phenomena as if They Were Mutually Inclusive
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403
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As if MI, and You Agree
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403
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As if MI, but You Say Thet Are 3P
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403
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As if MI,but You Say Thet Are 4P
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405
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As if MI, but You Perceive They Are Actually MX
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406
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Misfires in Debate
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407
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Firebase Alpha
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408
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Rhetoric and Bullying
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408
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Simple Incompetence
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409
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Alethic Bipolarism
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411
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25. Bringing It All Together: Debating a Comparison of Phenomena
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413
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Three Possibilities
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414
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Three Possibilities including Something That Is Neither
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415
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Three Possibilities without Anything That Is Neither
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430
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Four Possibilities
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432
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Four Possibilities including Something That Is Neither
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433
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Four Possibilities without Anything That Is Neither
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436
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Mutually Exclusive
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439
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Mutually Inclusive
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442
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26. Efforts and Practices
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451
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Christmas Tree Debates
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454
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Comparisons involving Variables
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460
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CONCLUSION
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27. Conclusions and Remarks
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469
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Checklist of Skills You Should Have at the End of this Course
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469
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On the Content
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470
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Using Your Skills in Reasoning and Debate
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471
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Is It Any Different for the Buddhist Debaters?
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473
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Final Remarks
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474
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Appendix: Table of Definitions
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477
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Notes
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485
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Glossary
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493
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Bibliography
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503
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Index
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507
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