This study is an attempt to address this suggestion and addresses schism and its applicability in the Buddhist Studies arena; it analyses the meaning of sect and schism from a comparative perspective. It further examines the social, political, and geographical circumstances of ancient India, which actually influenced and contributed to the first and later splits in the Samgha community. The present work also observes that there were personal conflicts among the disciples of the Buddha, which later emerged as confrontations and caused splitting. Additionally, it also examines and finds that there were different groups of bhikkhus within the Buddhist Samgha who were under the tutelage and leadership of a certain prominent disciple of the Buddha. These were proto-sectarian elements and separate fraternities (nikaya); the royal patronage of these porto-sectarian fraternities caused the formation of various sects. Royal patronage helped these small groups spread to various geographic localities at home and abroad. Ultimately, after comparing and examining the issues, this dissertation concludes that the root of split was embedded in early Buddhism.

Origin and Formation of Sects and Sectarianism in Early Buddhism: A Critical Study of the Schism Samghabheda and Nikayabheda, Lokananda C. Bhikkhu, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Hardcover, 264 pp, $22.00

The author read Buddhism and Hindi language at the University of Sri Lanka; migrated to the States, then attended University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), California State University-Long Beach (CSULB), San Jose State University and University of the West, Rosemead, California; and holds the degrees of BA, MA, MLIS, PHD, and a Diploma-in-Buddhist Studies. He has attended numerous conferences, seminars, workshops, in Europe, Asia and in the USA. He studied Pali, Sanskrit, Bengali, Japanese, German, and French languages. He is the Chief Incumbent and President of the Bangla-America Buddhist Fellowship (Sambodhi Vihara) and lives in Long Beach, California, USA.

CONTENTS: Origin and Formation of Sects and Sectarianism in Early Buddhism
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	vii
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction: Samghabheda and Nikayabheda	1
CHAPTER TWO: First Schism in the Buddhist Monastic Establishment	73
CHAPTER THREE: The Theory of Sects and Sectarianism According to Different Experts and Sects of Buddhism	101
CHAPTER FOUR: The Admission of Various Sect-Members into the Buddhis Samgha	121
CHAPTER FIVE: Inter-personal Conflicts among the Elders	159
CHAPTER SIX: The Royal Contribution in the Formation of Sects	193
CONCLUSION	229
BIBLIOGRAPHY	234
INDEX	250