Pact
PREFACE (v)
UST OF PLATES (xUi)
UST OF FIGURES (xxu)
CHAPTER I.Excavation at Piprahwa ... ... ... 1
A. The Site and its environs ... ... ... 1
B. Climate and Rainfall ... ... ... 4
C. Historical Background ... ... ... 5
D. Objective of the Excavation ... ... ... 7
E. Earlier attempts ... ... ... 13
F. Chronology ... ... ... 23
G. Summary of Results ... ... ... 26
H. Acknowledgement ... ... ... 26
I. Cuttings ... ... ... ,28
J. Structures ... ... ... 30
K. Interpretation of the Piprahwa vase inscription ... ... 47
L. Salargarh ... ... ... 52
CHAPTER II. Excavation at Ganwaria � the Town complex ... ... 55
I. Introduction ... ... ... 55
II. Aim of the Excavation ... ... ... 55
III. Summary of Results ... ... ... 56
IV. Chronology ... ... ... 57
V. Cuttings ... ... ... 58
VI. Stratigraphy ... ... ... 58
VII. Structures ... ... ... 58
A. Residential Structures ... ... ... 58
1. Larger Structural Complex ... ... ... 60
2. Smaller Structural Complex ... ... ... 63
3. House Complex adjacent to the Larger Structural Complex ... 66
4. House Complex in between the Larger and Smaller Complex ... 67
(xi)
5. Small House Complex on the northern side of Larger Structure 68
6. House Complex on the northern side of Smaller Structural Complex 68
7. Room and a verandah 69
8. House Complex with three rooms and a gallery 69
9. Cistem-like stmcture
69
10. Huge eroded house Complex on the eastern side 69
11. Well 70
12. House Complex on the western side of the well 70
13. Another House Complex further west 70
14. Rickety wall 70
15. House Complex on the north 70
16. House Complex below Shrine 2 70
B.
Ecclesiastical Structures 72
1. Shrine 1 72
2. Shrine 2 74
3. Shrine 3 74
4. Shrine 4 77
5. Unidentified massive structure 77
CHAPTER III.
Seals and Sealings 80
CHAPTER IV.
Coins 96
CHAPTER V.
Beads 147
CHAPTER VI.
Glass Bangles 174
CHAPTER VII.
A Head in Red Sandstone 178
CHAPTER VIII,
Terracotta Human and Animal Figurines 179
A. Human Figurines 179
B. Animal Figurines 218
CHAPTER IX.
Miscellaneous terracotta objects 227
CHAPTER X.
Stone objects 233
CHAPTER XI.
Metal objects 241
A. Copper objects 243
B. Iron objects 253
CHAPTER XII.
Bone objects 258
CHAPTERXIII.
Pottery 261
CHAPTERXIV.
Animal Remains from Piprahwa Ganwaria 376
LIST OF PLATES
I. Piprahwa : general view of the site before excavation, view from north-east.
II. Piprahwa : general view of the site before excavation, view from south-west,
III. Piprahwa : general view of the site before excavation, view from east.
IV. Piprahwa : general view of sitexluring excavation.
V. Piprahwa : general view of the stupa after excavation.
VI.
A. Piprahwa : inscribed soapstone casket found in the stupa in 1898.
B. Piprahwa : valuable objects found in the stone box in 1898.
VII.
A. Piprahwa: close up of the stupa with the praddfcs/a/ttz-par/i of Phase Hand niches of Riasein.
B. Piprahwa : two burnt brick boxes before excavation in the stupa.
VIII. Piprahwa : various phases of the stupa.
IX. Piprahwa : soapstone casket and dish in the northern brick box after opening.
X. Piprahwa : two dishes in the southern brick box after the removal of one brick course.
XI Piprahwa : soapstone casket in the southern brick box after opening.
XII
A. Piprahwa : three phases of the stupa.
B. Piprahwa : Phase II and III of the stupa.
XIII. Piprahwa : Phase II of the stupa.
XIV. Piprahwa : various phases of the stupa.
XV. Piprahwa ; General view of the eastern monastery.
XVI.
A. Piprahwa ; four phases of the eastern monastery.
B. Piprahwa : various phases of the eastern monastery.
XVII. Piprahwa : first two phases of the eastern monastery.
XVIII. Piprahwa : doors of the last two phases alongwith the courtyard of the eastern monastery.
XIX
A. Piprahwa : burnt brick drain of the third phase of the eastern monastery.
B. Piprahwa : outlet of the drain on the northern side of the eastern monastery.
XX
A. Piprahwa :. general view of the northern monastery.
B. Piprahwa : burnt brick hall.
XXI
A. Piprahwa : burnt brick-on-edge portico
B. Piprahwa ; room with an enclosure wall.
XXII. Piprahwa : general view of the southern monastery.
XXIII
A. Piprahwa : central courtyard and a verandah of the western monastery.
B. Salargarh : flights of steps in the monastery.
XXIV. Salargarh ; room of the monastery with door.
XXV. Ganwaria ; general view of the site before excavation.
XXVI
A. Ganwaria : mud wall of Period I
B. Ganwaria : animal bone, Period I
XXVII. Ganwaria : gateway of the Larger Structural Complex.
XXVIII. Ganwaria : deep digging in Larger Structural Complex.
XXIX. Ganwaria : curtain wall in the Larger Structural Complex.
XXX
A. Ganwaria : deep digging in Larger Structural Complex.
B. Ganwaria : partition wall between rooms of Larger Structural Complex.
XXXI Ganwaria : three rooms in the courtyard of Larger Structural Complex.
XXXII Ganwaria : burnt brick drain in the Larger Structural Complex.
XXXIII Ganwaria : ring-well in the Larger Structural Complex.
XXXIV
A. Ganwaria : entrance to the Smaller Structural Complex.
B. Ganwaria : burnt-brick courtyard and well. Smaller Structural Complex.
XXXV Ganwaria : bath room. Larger Structural Complex.
XXXVI Ganwaria : various phases of the Smaller Structural Complex.
XXXVII Ganwaria : room converted into a shrine. Smaller Structural Complex.
XXXVIII
A. Ganwaria : house complex on the south of Larger Structural Complex.
B. Ganwaria ; house complex between Larger and Smaller Complexes.
XXXIX
A. Ganwaria : cistern on the north of Smaller Structural Clqomplex.
B. Ganwaria ; different phases of a structure.
XL
A. Ganwaria : cistern on the north of Larger Structural Complex.
B. Ganwaria : well on the north of Smaller Structural Complex.
XLI Ganwaria ; cistern on the north of Smaller Structural Complex.
XLII
A. Ganwaria : house complex below Shrine 2.
B. Ganwaria : Shrine 1
XLII.
A. Ganwaria : Shrine 2
B. Ganwaria : Shrine 4
XLIV Ganwaria ; unidentified massive structure.
XL.
A. Ganwaria : flight of steps in the massive structure.
B. Ganwaria : drain and reservoir in the massive structure.
XL VI
A. Piprahwa : terracotta sealirtgs, back view.
B. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing, back view depression.
C. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing.
XLVII
A. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing with the legend "Om, Devaputra Vihare, Kapilavastus,
Bhikhu Sanghas.
B. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing with the legend 'Om, Devaputra Vihare, Kapilavastus,
Bhikhu Sanghas.
XLVIII
A. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing with the legend �Om, Dvaputra Vihare, Kapilavastus,
Bhikhu Sanghas.
XLDC
A. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing with the legend �Maha, Kapilavastu, Bhikhshu Sanghas
XLDC
A. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing with the legend 'Maha, Kapilavastus., Bhikhshu Sanghas
B. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing with the legend �Maha Kapilavastus., Bhikhshu Sanghas
L.
A. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing
B. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing
C. Piprahwa : terracotta sealing
LI
A. Ganwaria : terracotta sealing with the legend Kafu, Puta, Wimas
B. Ganwaria : terracotta sealing.
C. Ganwaria : terracotta sealing.
D. Ganwaria : terracotta sealing.
LII
A. Ganwaria : terracotta sealing.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta sealing.
C. Ganwaria : terracotta sealing.
D. Ganwaria : terracotta sealing.
LIII
A. Ganwaria : Kosala coin.
B. Ganwaria : Punch-marked coins.
C. Ganwaria : Punch-marked coins.
LIV.
A. Ganwaria : Punch-marked coins.
B. Ganwaria : Punch-marked coins.
C. Ganwaria : Punch-marked coins.
D. Ganwaria : Punch-marked coins.
LV
A. Ganwaria : Punch-marked coins.
B. Ganwaria : Punch-marked coins.
C. Ganwaria : Punch-marked coins.
LVI
A. Ganwaria ; Coins
B. Ganwaria : Coins
C. Piprahwa : Kushan Coins
D Ganwaria : Coins
LVII
A. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
B. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
LVIII
A. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
B. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
LIX
A. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
B. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
LX.
A. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
B. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
LXI
A. Piprahwa � Ganwaria ; Beads.
B. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
C. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
LXII
A. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
B. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Beads.
LXIII
A. Piprahwa � Ganwaria ; Glass bangles.
B. Piprahwa � Ganwaria : Glass bangles.
LXIV.
A. Piprahwa ; red sandstone head of Indra (1st cent A.D.)
B. Ganwaria : terracotta human figurines of musicians.
LXV
A. Ganwana : terracotta human figurines of musicians (1-6, Period III, rest Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : ornamented plaques (1-3, Period B, rest Period UI)
LXVI
A. Ganwaria : crudely handmade miniature figurines (1-5, Period H; 6, Period IIP and 7: Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : moulded heads (1, Period II; 2-7; Period HI; 8-9, Period IV)
LX VII.
A. Ganwaria : pedestal figures (1, Period II; 2-3, Period IV)
B. Ganwana : crudely handmade figures with unimpressive face ( 1 , Period II; rest. Period IV)
LXVII
A. Ganwaria : crudely handmade figures with unimpressive face, 1-5, Period III; rest.Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : crudely handmade figures with unimpressive face, 1-4, Period III; 5,
Period IV)
LXDC
A. Ganwaria : crudely handmade heads with a tenon below ( 1 , Period II; 2 - 7, Period IB; 8and 9, Period FV)
B. Ganwaria : crudely handmade heads with a tenon below (1-5, Period HI; 6, Period FV)
LXX
A. Ganwaria : crudely handmade heads with a tenon below (1-4, Period III; rest. Period FV)
B. Ganwaria : crudely handmade heads with a tenon below (1-3, Period III; rest. Period FV)
LXXI
A. Ganwaria : crudely handmade heads with a tenon below (Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : crudely handmade heads with a tenon below (Period IV)
LXXII
A. Ganwaria : female torso with suspended ears (1, Period II; 2-4; Period in, 5, Period FV)
B. Ganwaria : female figures on stumps (1, Period II, 2, Period HI, 3, Period FV)
LXXIII
A. Ganwaria : better finished handmade heads (1, Period IH, rest. Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : crude figures with a stand base (1-3, Period IH; rest. Period FV)
C. Ganwaria : crude figures with a stand base (1 and 2, Period III; 3-4, Period FV)
LXXFV
A. Ganwaria : crude figures with a stand base (Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : moulded plaques (Period UI)
C. Ganwaria : moulded plaques (Period 01)
LXXVA. Ganwaria : moulded plaques (1-4, Period HI; rest Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : pedestal votive figures (1, Period III; rest. Period FV)
LXXVI
A. Ganwaria : crude handmade female figures with child on stump (Period 10)
B. Ganwaria : crude handmade figures (Period 01)
LXXVII
A. Ganwaria : handmade flat figurines (Period ID)
B. Ganwaria : handmade flat figurines (Period ID)
LXXVIII
A. Ganwaria : handmade flat figurines (Period ID)
B. Ganwaria : warriors (Period 10)
LXXIX
A. Ganwaria : warriors (Period ID)
B. Ganwaria : demons (Period ID)
C. Ganwaria : demons (Period ID)
LXXX
A. Ganwaria : crowned heads (Period 01)
B. Ganwaria : dancing figures (Period ID)
C. Ganwaria : dancing figures (Period ID)
D. Ganwaria : dancing figures (Period III)
LXXXI
A. Ganwaria : crude handmade heads on handle (1-2, Period III; 3-4, Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : moulded heads in round (1 - 3, Period III; 4, Period IV)
LXXXII
A. Ganwaria : mould and cast (Period III)
B. Ganwaria ; heads with side locks (Period III)
LXXXIII
A. Ganwaria ; crudely finished heads (1, Period III; rest. Period IV)
B. Ganwaria ; front and back view of a heavy handmade female figure (Period HI)
LXXXIV
A. Ganwaria : miscellaneous figurines (1-3, Period III; rest. Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : defaced heads with halo (Period IV)
LXXXV
A. Ganwaria : moulded heads with a crown and tenon below (Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : moulded heads with foreign features (Period FV)
C. Ganwaria : handmade female torso with decorated necklace (Period IV)
LXXXVI
A. Ganwaria ; handmade female torso with decorated necklace (Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : crudly finished Buddha heads (Period IV)
C. Ganwaria : Buddha head (Period IV)
D. Ganwaria ; Buddha head (Period IV)
LXXXVII Ganwaria ; standing Buddha with halo (Period IV)
LXXXVIII Ganwaria ; unique sitting Buddha (Period IV)
LXXXIX
A. Ganwaria ; leg portion of Buddha in dhyanamudra (Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : sitting religious figure (Period IV)
C. Ganwaria ; nude Jaina figure (Period IV)
XC
A. Ganwaria : male figure with snake-hood (Siva?) (Period IV)
B. Ganwaria ; three-eyed head.
XCI Ganwaria : Stamped animal figurines (1-3, Period II; 4 - 7 and 9; Period IIP 8 Period IV) � �
XCII
A. Ganwaria ; painted animal figurines (1, Period II; 2 - 7 and 9, Period III; 8, Period IV)
B. Ganwaria ; animal figures with raised heads (1 - 3, Period II; 4 - 7 and 9, Period IIP 8 Period IV) � �
XCIII
A. Ganwaria : stamped bulls (1- 2 and 6, Period II; 3 and 5, Period III; 4, Period IV)
B, Ganwaria ; elephants (1 - 5 and 7, Period 111; 6, Period IV)
XCIV
A. Ganwana : cows, bulls and buffaloes (1 - 3, 5 and 7 - 10, Period 111 ; 6, Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : birds (Period III)
XCV
A. Ganwaria : birds (1, Period II; 3, Period III; rest. Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : bridled heads (1, Period II; 3-6, Period III; 2, Period IV)
XCVI
A. Ganwaria : bridled horse (Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : bridled horse (Period III)
C. Ganwaria : miscellaneous animal figurines (2 - 3, Period II; 1, 4, 5 and 8, Period III; rest. Period IV)
XCVII
A. Ganwaria : miscellaneous animal figures (1, Period III; rest. Period IV)
B. Ganwaria : miscellaneous animal figures (1 and 7, Period II; 2 - 4 and 6, Period HI; 5, Period IV)
C. Ganwaria : miscellaneous animal figures (Period IV)
XCVIIIA. Ganwaria : terracotta bangles.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta bangles.
XCIX A. Ganwaria : terracotta ear-ornaments.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta dabbers.
C A. Ganwaria : terracotta pestles.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta skin rubbers.
Cl A. Ganwaria : terracotta brick cakes and tiles.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta brick cakes and tiles.
C. Ganwaria : terracotta brick cakes and tiles.
CII A. Ganwaria : terracotta sling balls.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta balls,
cm A. Ganwaria : terracotta gamesmen.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta gamesmen.
CIV A. Ganwaria ; terracotta discs.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta toy cart and cart wheel
CV A. Ganwaria : cart wheel.
B. Ganwaria : cart wheel.
CVI A. Ganwaria : terracotta stamps.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta stamps.
CVIII
A. Ganwaria : terracotta shell-like object.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta miscellaneous object, evil A. Ganwaria : terracotta miscellaneous object.
B. Ganwaria : terracotta miscellaneous object.
C. Ganwaria : terracotta miscellaneous object.
CIX Ganwaria : decorated stone disc.
CX
A. Ganwaria : decorated stone tablets.
B. Ganwaria : stone querns, pestles and mullers.
CXI
A. Ganwaria : stone querns, pestles and mullers.
B. Ganwaria : stone querns, pestles and mullers.
CXII
A. Ganwaria ; stone balls, bangles, state pencilsor styli.
B. Ganwaria : stone sharpener and bead polishing stone and mould. CXIII A. Ganwaria : stone weights.
B. Ganwaria : stone vessel, bowl and lids of casket.
CXIV
A. Ganw'aria ; soapstone casket.
B. Ganwaria : soapstone casket.
CXV
A. Ganwaria : copper bangles.
B. Ganwaria : copper rings.
C. Ganwaria : copper ear-stud.
D. Ganwaria : copper beads.
E. Ganwaria : copper pendant.
CXVI
A. Ganwaria : copper armlet.
B. Ganwaria : copper antimony rods.
CXVI
A. Ganwaria : bronze anklets or handle.
B. Ganwaria : copper bowl.
C. Ganwaria : copper tooth-pick.
CXVIII
A. Ganwaria : copper objects in general.
B. Ganwaria : copper weapons.
C. Ganwaria : copper miscellaneous objects.
D. Ganwaria : iron ornaments.
CXIX
A. Ganwaria : iron household objects.
B. Ganwaria : iron objects in general.
CXX
A. Ganwaria : iron objects in general.
B. Ganwaria : iron tools and instruments.
CXXI
A. Ganwaria : iron agricultural implements.
B. Ganwaria : iron agricultural implements.
CXXII
A. Ganwaria ; iron agricultural implements.
B. Ganwaria : iron agricultural implements.
CXXII
A. Ganwaria : iron weapons.
B. Ganwaria : iron miscellaneous objects.
C. Ganwaria ; iron trident.
D. Ganwaria : iron hilt.
CXXIII
A. Ganwaria : bone objects.
B. Ganwaria : bone objects.
LIST OF FIGURES
1 . Piprahwa-Ganwaria and its neighbourhood.
2. Contour plan and position of the cuttings.
3. Stupa-plan, (Piprahwa)
4. Stupa-section, (Piprahwa)
5. Eastern monaster)'-plan, (Piprahwa)
6. Section across eastern monastery, (Piprahwa)
7. Brick-paved hall, (Piprahwa)
8. Huge-portico, (Piprahwa)
9. Shrine over a platform, (Piprahwa)
10. Plan-southern monastery, (Piprahwa)
1 1 . Plan-western monastery, (Piprahwa)
12. Section-western monastery, (Piprahwa)
13. Plan-larger structural complex, (Piprahwa)
14. Section-larger structural complex, (Piprahwa)
15. Plan-smaller structural complex, (Ganwaria)
16. A house complex (Ganwaria)
17. Shrine 2 (Ganwaria)
18. Shrine 3 (Ganwaria)
19. Shrine 4 (Ganwaria)
20. A massive-structure (Ganwaria)
21. Symbols on Coins
22. Symbols on Coins
23. Symbols on Coins
24. Symbols on Coins
25. Symbols on Coins
26. Symbols on Coins
27. Symbols on Coins
28. Piprahwa : Pottery types. Period I
29. Piprahwa : Pottery types, Period I
30. Piprahwa ; Pottery types, Period II
31 . Piprahwa ; Pottery types. Period II
32. Piprahwa ; Pottery types. Period III
33. Piprahwa : Pottery types. Period IV
34. Piprahwa : Pottery types, Period IV
35. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period I
36. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period I
37. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period I
38. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period I
39. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period 11
40. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period II
41. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period II
42. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period 11
43. Ganwaria : Pottery types, Period II
44. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period II
45. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period III
46. Ganwaria : Pottery types, Period III
47. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period III
48. Ganwaria ; Pottery types, Period III
49. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
50. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
51. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
52. Ganwaria : Pottery types, Period IV
53. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
54. Ganwaria : Pottery types, Period IV
55. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
56. ' Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
57. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
58. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
59. Ganwaria ; Pottery types. Period IV
60. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
61. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
62. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
63. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV
64. Ganwaria Pottery types. Period IV
65. Ganwaria : Pottery types. Period IV