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CONTENTS: Besting the Best
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Acknowledgements
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xv
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General Introduction
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1
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Overview
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1
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A chapter-by-chapter synopsis of the major themes and theses of the book
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7
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Tibet and war in the global setting
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12
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A chronology of the archaeological resources utilized
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18
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CHAPTER ONE
Violence and War in Buddhism
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25
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The doctrinal foundation
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25
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The ritual application of bellicosity
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27
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The visionary call to arms
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31
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CHAPTER TWO
Violence and Martialism in Tibetan Societies
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35
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The democratization of belligerence
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35
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The warlike proclivities of pastoralists in the norther grasslands
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36
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The arrow
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CHAPTER THREE
The Divine Companions of Warriors
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59
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The tradition of warlike protector deities
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59
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Old Tibetan antecedents of the mountain gods
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67
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The martial splendor of mountain gods
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79
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CHAPTER FOUR
The Quintessential Warrior Spirits
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89
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The
dgra-lha protectors of males
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89
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The
dgra-bla in Old Tibetan literature
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91
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The
sgra-bla in Yungdrung Bon literature
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95
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CHAPTER FIVE
Imperial Warriors and Warfare in Tibetan Literature
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105
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The imperial polity
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105
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Imperial military organization
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113
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The accoutrrements of the warrior in the time of empire
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154
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CHAPTER SIX
Prehistoric Martial Traditions of the Tibetan political dispensation
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175
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The martial foundations of the Tibetan political dispensation
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175
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The warlike deeds of prehistoric kings and priests
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183
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CHAPTER SEVEN
Armaments of Upper Tibet and Other Martial Symbols in the Late Prehistoric Era
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191
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Weapons discovered in Far Western Tibet and related types
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191
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Tibetan copper alloy armed and horseback riding figures
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215
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The shared idiom of armaments in Inner Asia
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225
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CHAPTER EIGHT
Warriors, Warfare and Related Archaeological Sites of Upper Tibet in the Late Prehistoric Era
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239
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Horses, monuments, war, and sociopolitical complexity in Inner Asia
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239
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Long stone grid necropolises in Upper Tibet
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248
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Hilltop fortifications in Upper Tibet
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275
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CHAPTER NINE
Martialism and Combat in the Rock Art of the Tibetan Plateau and North Inner Asia
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305
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The lineaments of martial subjects in the rock art of Inner Asia
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305
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Combat-related rock art on the Tibetan Plateau
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317
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1.
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Bi-triangular anthropomorphs in Upper Tibet and Ladakh
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320
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2.
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Armed Mascoids in Upper Tibet and Ladakh
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332
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3.
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Combat-related rock art in Ladakh
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337
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4.
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Combat-related rock art in Spiti
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347
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5.
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Combat-related rock art in Yul-shul
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351
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6.
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Combat-related rock art in northern Amdo
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355
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Combat-related rock art on the Tibetan Plateau and North Inner Asia
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356
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1.
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Chariots
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357
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2.
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Mushroom-headed figures
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375
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3.
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Horsemen with banners
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385
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4.
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Structures and sensibilities in combat-related rock art
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390
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Conclusion
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399
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Catalogue of Rock Art Images
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405
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Introduction to the rock art catalogue
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405
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Gallery of images (19 groups, 203 figures)
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414
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Bibliography
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507
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Index
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547
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