Series Editor's Preface xxi
Authors' Preface xxv
Abbreviations xxix
Introduction: The Sanskrit Commentary 1
0.1 Importance of commentaries 1
0.2 The five services of a commentary 3
0.2.1 Padaccheda 4
0.2.2 Padarthokti 4
0.2.3 Vigraha 4
0.2.4 Vakyayojana 5
0.2.5 Aksepasamadhana 5
Part I Methods of Glossing 7
1. The First Four Services 9
1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 Types of glossing 10
2. Division of Words 13
1.3 Introduction 13
1.4 Repetition of the words of the text 14
1.5 Specification of word-division 14
1.6 Citation of individual words 14
1.6.1 iti 15
1.6.2 -sabda, -kara 15
1.6.3 Inflected indeclinable 15
1.6.4 Anubandhas 16
1.7 Variant readings 16
3. Giving the Meaning of Words 19
1.8 Introduction 19
1.9 Simple synonyms 20
1.10 Location of glosses 20
1.10.1 Enclitics 20
1.10.2 Vigrahas 21
1.11 Glossing by equivalent forms 21
1.11.1 Periphrasis 21
1.11.2 Participle 21
1.12 Expansions of glosses 22
1.12.1 -adi 22
1.12.2 Implications 22
1.12.3 Implied contrasts 22
1.13 More removed paraphrases 23
1.13.1 ity arthah 23
1.13.2 iti bhavah 24
1.13.3 iti yavat 25
1.13.4 Other phrases 25
1.13.5 anena, etena 25
1.13.6 References to speech 26
1.14 Meanings by extension 27
1.15 Glossing of puns 27
1.16 Definitions 28
1.16.1 Definitions offered by the commentator 28
1.16.2 Definitions quoted from dictionaries 29
1.17 Treatment of special items 30
1.17.1 Proper names 30
1.17.2 Names of species 31
1.17.3 Meanings of particles 31
1.17.4 Other indeclinables 31
1.17.5 Pronouns 32
4. Analysis of Grammatical Complexes 33
1.18 Introduction 33
1.19 Modes of complex formation 35
1.20 General principles of analysis 35
1.21 Insertion of analyses in a commentary 39
1.21.1 Glossing the words used in the analysis 40
1.21.2 Indicating the inflection of the original 41
5. Derivative Verbs 43
1.22 Introduction 43
1.23 Desideratives 44
1.24 Intensives 45
1.25 Causatives 45
1.26 Denominatives 46
1.26.1 Desire to have 46
1.26.2 Behavior toward 47
1.26.3 Behavior like 47
1.26.4 Becoming something 47
1.26.5 Making something so 47
1.26.6 Feeling something 48
1.26.7 Doing or making something 48
1.26.8 Making use of something 48
6. Primary Nominal Derivation 49
1.27 Introductio 49
1.28 Basic bhave meanings 50
1.29 Basic karaka meanings 52
1.29.1 kartari 53
1.29.2 karmani 54
1.29.3 karane 54
1.29.4 sampradane 54
1.29.5 apadane 55
1.29.6 adhikarane 55
1.30 Temporal restrictions 55
1.30.1 bhute 56
1.30.2 vartamane 56
1.30.3 bhavisyati 57
1.31 Other restrictions of meaning 57
1.32 Accompanying words (upapada) 58
1.32.1 kartari krt with accusative 60
1.32.2 kartari krt with non-accusative 61
1.32.3 krt the sense of another karaka 62
1.32.4 Temporal restrictions 62
1.32.5 Other conditions of meaning 63
1.33 Verbal participles 64
1.34 Irregular forms (nipatana) 65
7. Secondary Nominal Derivation 67
1.35 Introduction 67
1.36 Dependent formulas of analysis 68
1.36.1 Accusative 70
1.36.2 Instrumental 71
1.36.3 Dative 71
1.36.4 Ablative 71
1.36.5 Locative 72
1.37 Genitive formulas of analysis 74
1.37.1 tasyapatyam 75
1.37.2 tasya bhavah 75
1.37.3 Others 76
1.37.4 General connection 77
1.38 Nominative formulas of analysis 77
1.39 Compound formulas of analysis 78
1.40 Possessive suffixes (matvarthiya) 79
1.40.1 Straightforward possession 80
1.40.2 Additions of meaning 80
1.41 Vibhaktisamjnaka suffixes 81
1.42 Svarthika suffixes 82
1.42.1 With no addition of meaning 82
1.42.2 Diminutives 82
1.42.3 Other additions of meaning 83
1.42.4 cvi, etc 83
1.42.5 Samasanta suffixes 84
8. Nominal Compounds 85
A General Principles 85
1.43 Introduction 35
1.44 Basic categories of compounds 86
1.44.1 Avyayibhava 86
1.44.2 Tatpurusa 87
1.44.3 Karmadharaya 87
1.44.4 Dvandva 87
1.44.5 Bahuvrihi 88
1.44.6 Kevala-samasa 88
1.45 Additional elements of meaning 89
1.45.1 Comparison 89
1.45.2 Aggregation 90
1.45.3 Clarification of connection 90
1.46 Optional and obligatory compounds 90
1.46.1 Asvapadavigraha compound? 90
1.46.2 Conventional meanings 91
1.46.3 Bound forms 92
1.47 Irregularities 92
B Avyayibhava Compounds 92
1.48 Introduction 92
1.49 Optional avyayibhavas 93
1.50 Obligatory avyayibhavas 93
1.51 Irregular avyayibhavas 95
C Tatpurusa Compounds 96
1.52 Introduction 96
1.53 Dependent tatpurusas 96
1.53.1 Straightforward analysis 97
1.53.2 Additional specification of connection 100
1.53.3 Partitive genitive as second member 101
1.54 Karmadharayas of simple apposition 102
1.54.1 Adjective plus substantive 102
1.54.2 Adjective plus adjective 103
1.54.3 Substantive plus substantive 104
1.54.4 Additional specification of connection 105
1.55 Karmadharayas of comparison 106
1.55.1 Upamanapurvapada karmadharaya 106
1.55.2 Upamita-samasa 107
1.55.3 Rupaka-samasa 108
1.56 Dvigu compounds 109
1.56.1 Taddhitartha-dvigu 110
1.56.2 Uttarapada-dvigu 110
1.56.3 Samahara-dvigu 111
1.57 Tatpurusas with inseparable first member 112
1.57.1 ku, su, etc. 113
1.57.2 Pradi-tatpurusas with fixed meaning 113
1.57.3 Dhatu-lopa pradi-tatpurusa 114
1.57.4 Gati-tatpurusas 116
1.58 Negative tatpurusas 118
1.59 Upapada compounds 119
1.60 Irregular tatpurusas 121
1.60.1 Prsodaradi compounds 121
1.60.2 Mayuravyamsakadi compounds 123
1.60.3 Suffix-formations resembling compounds 125
D Dvandva Compounds 125
1.61 Introduction 125
1.62 Itaretara dvandvas 126
1.63 Samahara dvandvas 126
E Bahuvrihi Compounds 127
1.64 Introduction 127
1.65 Appositional bahuvrihis 128
1.65.1 Simple appositional 128
1.65.2 Negative bahuvrihis 130
1.65.3 Pradi-bahuvrihi compounds 131
1.65.4 Saha-bahuvrihi compounds 131
1.65.5 Anekapada-bahuvrihi compounds 132
1.66 Non-appositional bahuvrihis 133
1.66.1 Locative as second member 133
1.66.2 Genitive as first member 133
1.67 Special bahuvrihis 135
1.67.1 Samkhya-bahuvrihi compounds 135
1.67.2 Dig-bahuvrihi compounds 136
1.67.3 Reciprocal combat 136
1.68 Irregular bahuvrihis 136
F Longer Compounds 137
1.69 Introduction 137
1.70 General principles 138
1.71 Special techniques 141
1.71.1 Simpler formulas of analysis 141
1.71.2 Separate analysis 141
1.72 Choice of options 142
9. Ekasesa Formations 147
1.73 Introduction 147
1.74 Dvandvaikasesa 147
1.75 Napumsakaikasesa 148
10. Indicating the Construction 149
A Arranging the Words of the Text 149
1.76 Introduction 149
1.77 The kathambhutini approach 149
1.78 The anvayamukhi approach 150
1.79 Insertion of explanatory material 151
1.80 Variations on the two approaches 156
B Other Techniques 161
1.81 Introduction 161
1.82 Direct statement of connections 161
1.82.1 anvaya 161
1.82.2 sambandha 162
1.82.3 visesana 163
1.82.4 Connections between verses 163
1.82.5 Connections between statements 164
1.83 Supplying words needed to complete the sense 165
1.83.1 iti sesah 165
1.83.2 Words carried over 165
1.84 Devices for marking features of syntax 166
1.84.1 yat...tat marking subject and predicate 166
1.84.2 sat marking attributive adjectives 167
1.84.3 -bhuta marking attributive substantives 167
1.84.4 sati marking the locative absolute 168
1.84.5 yatha tatha marking adverbs 169
1.84.6 he marking vocatives 169
Part II The Bhasya Style 171
11. The Fifth Service 173
2.1 Introduction 173
2.2 Content 174
2.3 Style 174
12. Abstract Nouns 177
2.4 Introduction 177
2.5 Formation 177
2.5.1 ta and tva 177
2.5.2 -bhavah and vrddhi derivatives 178
2.6 Significance 178
2.6.1 Used by necessity 178
2.6.2 Used by choice 179
2.7 Common constructions 179
2.7.1 With subjective genitive 179
2.7.2 In compound 180
2.7.3 Causal phrase within a sentence 180
2.7.4 iti clause without abstract suffix 181
2.7.5 Two genitives 182
2.8 Causal ablative and instrumental 182
2.9 Other cases 183
2.9.1 Nominative as subject of sentence 183
2.9.2 Accusative as object of the sentence 183
2.9.3 Dative of purpose 183
2.9.4 Genitive to modify another noun 184
2.9.5 Locative in a locative absolute construction 184
2.10 Predicative instrumental 184
2.11 Accusative with verb of motion 185
13. Compounds 187
2.12 Introduction 187
2.13 Analyzing long compounds 187
2.13.1 Identification 187
2.13.2 Dissection 188
2.13.3 Grouping 188
2.14 Relation to words outside the compound 189
2.15 ka to mark a bahuvrihi 190
2.16 tat to mark & dvandva 191
2.17 -bhuta to mark a karmadharaya 191
2.18 Pronouns in compound 192
2.19 Idiomatic terms 193
2.19.1 -antara 193
2.19.2 -artha 193
2.19.3 -kalpa 193
2.19.4 -gata 194
2.19.5 -garbha 194
2.19.6 -jana 194
2.19.7 -jata 195
2.19.8 -purva 195
2.19.9 -matra 195
2.19.10 -visesa 196
14. Word Order 197
2.20 Introduction 197
2.21 Subject and predicative nouns 197
2.21.1 Predicative nouns 197
2.21.2 Pronoun subjects 198
2.22 Attributive and predicative nouns 199
2.22.1 Word order with subjects 199
2.22.2 Word order with other nouns 199
2.22.3 Markers of attributive qualifiers 200
2.23 Scope of iti 200
2.24 Analyzing long sentences 201
15. Causal Sentences 205
2.25 Introduction 205
2.26 Ablative and instrumental phrases 206
2.26.1 Ablative causal phrases 206
2.26.2 Series of causes 206
2.26.3 ca in causal series 207
2.26.4 Verbal nouns expressing cause 208
2.27 iti clauses 209
2.28 Relative pronouns and adverbs 210
2.29 Locative absolute 211
2.29.1 Expressing a cause 212
2.29.2 Expressing a condition 212
2.29.3 Concessive locative absolute 213
2.29.4 Abbreviated locative absolute 213
2.30 Causal particle hi 213
16. Uses of iti 215
2.31 Introduction 215
2.32 Common constructions 215
2.33 Quotation 216
2.33.1 iti with source 216
2.33.2 iti with ablative 217
2.33.3 iti with partial quotations 217
2.34 Explanation 218
2.35 Comment 218
2.35.1 Comment with iti 218
2.35.2 Commonly used comments 219
2.36 Constructions with the infinitive 220
2.36.1 Infinitive with sak and yuj 220
2.36.2 Infinitive with arh 221
2.36.3 Infinitive expressing purpose 222
2.37 End of a passage 222
17. References 225
2.38 Introduction 225
2.39 Text and author of text 225
2.39.1 Verbs of taking 225
2.39.2 prakrta, aprakrta 226
2.39.3 Author of text commented on 226
2.39.4 Author as understood speaker 227
2.39.5 Participles of verbs of saying 228
2.39.6 Instrumental of present participle 228
2.39.7 Auto-commentary 229
2.40 References to the commentary 229
2.40.1 First person plural 229
2.40.2 Participles 230
2.40.3 Relative clause 230
2.40.4 Reference to earlier topic 231
2.40.5 agre 231
2.41 Recognized authorities 231
2.42 Genitive in reference to particular views 232
18. Examples and Comparisons 233
2.43 Introduction 233
2.44 Bahuvrihis in adi 233
2.44.1 Compounds in -adi 233
2.44.2 Series of compounds 234
2.44.3 ityadi 235
2.45 Suffix vat 236
2.45.1 Adverbs in -vat 236
2.45.2 With standard of comparison 236
2.45.3 itivat, ityadivat 237
2.46 iva and yatha 238
19. Terms of Discussion 239
2.47 Introduction 239
2.48 Dialectic style 239
2.48.1 Oral debate 239
2.48.2 Purvapaksa and siddhanta 240
2.48.3 Direct address 241
2.48.4 Example of dialectic style 241
2.49 Objection 242
2.49.1 nanu and atha 243
2.49.2 Interrogatives 243
2.49.3 iti cet 244
2.49.4 ity asankya 244
2.49.5 prapta and aksipta 245
2.49.6 Verbs of speaking 245
2.49.7 Clauses beginning with na ca 246
2.50 Reply 246
2.50.1 Verbs of speaking 246
2.50.2 tan na and other denials 247
2.50.3 prasanga and apatti 248
2.50.4 dosa 248
2.50.5 syat and bhavet 249
2.50.6 yady api and other concessives 250
2.50.7 tarhi 250
2.51 Alternative interpretation 251
2.51.1 Second interpretations 251
2.51.2 Citing others 251
20. Particles and Pronouns 253
2.52 Introduction 253
2.53 Particles connecting sentences 253
2.53.1 atha 253
2.53.2 tatra 254
2.53.3 tavat 255
2.53.4 atra and iha 255
2.53.5 kim ca, etc. 256
2.53.6 tu, etc. 257
2.53.7 tatha hi and tad yatha 257
2.53.8 Words for "therefore" 258
2.54 Particles of emphasis 258
2.54.1 eva 258
2.54.2 api 259
2.55 Pronomial adverbs used as pronouns 260
2.55.1 Adverbs corresponding to pronouns 260
2.55.2 Adverbs as attributives 261
2.56 Correlative pronouns and adverbs 261
2.56.1 Repeated correlative 261
2.56.2 Multiple pairs 262
2.56.3 yatha with tatha 262
2.56.4 yat meaning "that" 263
2.56.5 Repeated anya 263
2.57 Demonstrative pronouns 264
2.57.1 Scale of proximity 264
2.57.2 Reference to earlier and later passages 265
2.57.3 tad etat and tad idam 265
Appendix Useful Reference Works 267
Indices 271
Commentarial Passages Quoted 271
Grammatical Citations 278
Sanskrit Index 281
English Index 290
